Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Birthweight of babies born to Indigenous mothers. One of the studies21 also involved investigating the ‘stages of change’ profiles of their participants, and found that 14% had taken action to give up (‘action’ stage), 55% were thinking about giving up (‘contemplation’ stage), and 31% were not thinking about giving up (‘pre-contemplation’ stage). Australian Journal of Primary Health, 2006; 12(2):131–5. Perinatal statistics series no. Coaches from VAHS work in partnership with Yappera Children's Services and Bubup Wilam for Early Learning to deliver 30-minute program sessions. ). Participants in the qualitative NSW study suggested that pregnant women might risk social isolation by quitting, as smoking plays such an important role in social cohesion. International Journal for Equity in Health, 2012; 11:27. West L, Young D, and Lloyd J. Australian Journal of Primary Health, 2015; 21(3):334–41. A case study of the Six Week Challenge was conducted by CIRCA as part of the preliminary TIS evaluation, and is available here.

Ipsos-Eureka Social Research Institute and Winangali, Developmental research to inform the national action to reduce smoking rates social marketing campaign. Effects of smoking reduction during pregnancy on the birth weight of term infants. 7,8 Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among American Indians/Alaska Natives.

Each Quitline counsellor has the experience necessary to provide a culturally safe environment for the caller. What are TIS activities TIS activities take a community health promotion approach which aims to inform and support people in their decisions not to smoke or to quit smoking. Cosh S, Hawkins K, Skaczkowski G, Copley D, and Bowden J. Kick the Butt is aimed at raising awareness in Aboriginal young people that smoking tobacco is not part of culture, and giving tools to those who want to quit. This enables them to feel comfortable in discussing their smoking and other life circumstances which may be contributing to their smoking. In a qualitative study in 2012, Aboriginal Health Workers described burdensome stress and grief as leaving them unable to prioritise quitting smoking.

Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=60129550033, 11.

Each Coach lesson has a theme that aims to promote the No Smokes message, physical activity, drinking water, oral health, team work, the Sun Smart message, and knowledge of nutrition in a culturally safe space. American Indians/Alaska Natives have a higher risk of experiencing tobacco-related disease and death due to high prevalence of cigarette smoking and other commercial tobacco use. Similarly, motivators for quitting among a group of young urban Aboriginal South Australians included pregnancy and/or children and health reasons, as well as cost issues and sporting performance (for males). Available from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/26017252, 4. Specific tobacco action programs targeting Aboriginal health workers are discussed in, Influences on the uptake and prevention of smoking, Tobacco use among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders, The tobacco industry in Australian society, The construction and labelling of Australian cigarettes, The pricing and taxation of tobacco products in Australia, Social marketing and public education campaigns, Potential for harm reduction in tobacco control, The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, 8.6 Smoking cessation and Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders, http://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/8-6-cessation, http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4727.0.55.0062012%E2%80%9313?OpenDocument, http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/26017251, http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/26017252, http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ctg/Publishing.nsf/Content/home-1/$file/Smoking%20Campaigns%20report.pdf, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18938006, http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=215154326331601;res=IELIND, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24980459, http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-publicat-document-metadata-tobccamp.htm/$FILE/tobccamp_g.pdf, http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=60129550033, http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=60129548202, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18313186, http://10thnrhc.ruralhealth.org.au/papers/docs/Passey_Megan_D9.pdf, http://www.phcris.org.au/download.php?id=6874&spi=3, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21644912, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2013.08.006, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21258963, http://www.racgp.org.au/your-practice/guidelines/smoking-cessation, http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/PY06032.htm, http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/191_10_161109/pan10395_fm.html, http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/190_10_180509/gil10102_fm.html, http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=132032641548770;res=E-LIBRARY, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24351741, http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/26017264, http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1475-9276-11-27.pdf, Forthcoming updates to Tobacco in Australia: Facts & issues, 1.1 A brief history of tobacco smoking in Australia, 1.2 Overview of major Australian data sets, 1.5 Prevalence of smoking—middle-aged and older adults, 1.7 Trends in the prevalence of smoking by socio-economic status, 1.8 Trends in prevalence of smoking by country of birth, 1.9 Prevalence of tobacco use among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders, 1.10 Prevalence of smoking in other high-risk sub-groups of the population, 1.11 Prevalence of smoking among health professionals, 1.12 Prevalence of use of different types of tobacco product, 1.13 Smoking by Australian states and territories, 2.1 Production and trade data as a basis for estimating tobacco consumption, 2.2 Dutiable tobacco products as an estimate of tobacco consumption, 2.3 Self-reported measures of tobacco consumption, 2.5 Industry sales figures as estimates for consumption, 2.6 Comparisons of quality and results using various estimates of tobacco consumption in Australia, 2.7 Per capita consumption in Australia compared with other countries, 2.8 Tobacco consumption not captured in government or industry figures, 2.9 Best estimate of recent tobacco consumption in Australia, 2.10 Factors driving changes in tobacco consumption, 3.2 Respiratory diseases (excluding lung cancer), 3.8 Child health and maternal smoking before and after birth, 3.9 Increased susceptibility to infection in smokers, 3.15 The impact of smoking on treatment of disease, 3.17 Inflammatory conditions and autoimmune disease, 3.18 Other conditions with possible links to smoking, 3.20 Nicotine and carbon monoxide poisoning, 3.22 Poorer quality of life and loss of function, 3.24 Genetic influences on tobacco-caused disease, 3.25 Smoking compared with or in combination with other pollutants, 3.26 Health effects of brands of tobacco which claim or imply delivery of lower levels of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide, 3.27 Health effects of smoking tobacco in other forms, 3.30 Total burden of death and disease attributable to tobacco by disease category, 3.31 Morbidity and mortality due to tobacco-caused disease and socio-economic disadvantage, 3.32 Health effects of smoking other substances, 3.33 Health effects of chewing tobacco, and of other smokeless tobacco products, 3.34 Public perceptions of tobacco as a drug, and knowledge and beliefs about the health consequences of smoking, 3.35 Health and other benefits of quitting, 4.4 Measuring exposure to secondhand smoke, 4.5 Prevalence of exposure to SHS in the home, 4.7 Estimates of morbidity and mortality attributable to secondhand smoke, 4.8 Cardiovascular disease and secondhand smoke, 4.11 Effects of secondhand smoke on the respiratory system in adults, 4.12 Secondhand smoke and increased risk of infectious disease, 4.13 Secondhand smoke and type 2 diabetes mellitus, 4.17 Health effects of secondhand smoke for infants and children, 4.19 Public attitudes to secondhand smoke, 4.20 Health effects of secondhand smoke on pets, 5.2 Factors influencing uptake by young people overview, 5.5 Temperament, mental health problems and self-concept, 5.8 The smoking behaviour of peers, and peer attitudes and norms, 5.11 Accessibility of tobacco products to young smokers, 5.13 Products and packaging created to appeal to new users, 5.15 Tobacco advertising and promotion targeted at young people, 5.16 Smoking in movies, TV and other popular culture media, 5.17 Factors influencing uptake of smoking later in life, 5.20 Approaches to youth smoking prevention, 5.22 Taxation and pricing of tobacco products, 5.24 The profound effects of the denormalisation of smoking, 5.26 Appropriate responses to the problem of smoking and movies, 5.27 Parent family home targeted interventions, 5.30 Harnessing predictors of uptake to prevent smoking, 6.1 Defining nicotine as a drug of addiction, 6.10 Acute effects of nicotine on the body, 6.11 Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal, 6.14 Smokers’ attitudes to and beliefs about addiction, 7.1 Health and other benefits of quitting.

A consistent theme in many studies of Indigenous smokers is the roles of families and communities in motivating cessation. These activities will: TIS-funded organisations are part of an overall preventive health system. Medical Journal of Australia, 2011; 194(10):556–9. Primary health care research conference Adelaide: Flinders University Primary Health Care Research & Information Service; 2010. A qualitative study in 2013 found that Indigenous women in NSW were aware of the dangers of smoking, felt guilty about smoking while pregnant, and tried to change their smoking behaviour, with many contemplating quitting; however, due to the difficulty of quitting,  reducing consumption was more common. Among those who quit, a significant proportion may take up smoking again after the birth of the baby. Smoking cessation and Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders. One of the studies. 12A.6 World Health Organization recommendations on health warnings, 12A.7 Public support for health warnings, Attachment 12.2 Reduced fire risk (RFR) cigarettes, 13.1 Price elasticity of demand for tobacco products, 13.3 The price of tobacco products in Australia, 13.4 The affordability of tobacco products, 13.5 Impact of price increases on tobacco consumption in Australia, 13.6 Revenue from tobacco taxes in Australia, 13.7 Avoidance and evasion of taxes on tobacco products, 13.8 What is the 'right' level of tobacco taxation, 13.9 Future directions for reform of tobacco taxes, 13.10 Arguments against tax increases promoted by the tobacco industry, 13.12 Public opinion about tobacco tax increases, 14.1 Mass media public education campaigns: an overview, 14.2 The role of mass media campaigns within a comprehensive smoking control program, 14.3 Public education campaigns to discourage smoking: the Australian experience, 14.4 Examining the effectiveness of public education campaigns, 14.5 Targeting of public education campaigns and different types of media channels, Appendix 1 National, State and Territory Contacts. 9.9 Are there inequalities in access to and use of treatment for dependence on tobacco-delivered nicotine? Available from: http://10thnrhc.ruralhealth.org.au/papers/docs/Passey_Megan_D9.pdf, 14. This strongly reinforces smoking behaviour and perceptions, and undermines likelihood of quitting, since to give up smoking is to risk social isolation and alienation. The Aboriginal Quitline is a culturally-sensitive, free and confidential telephone service providing customised assistance to help you with your quit smoking attempt. Further analyses of smoking status data by age, sex, and Indigenous status are shown in Figure 8.6.2. Johnston V and Thomas D. Smoking behaviours in a remote Australian Indigenous community: The influence of family and other factors. Quitline has proven to be one of the most successful methods to support people to quit for good, and it is an increasingly popular support method for Aboriginal Victorians to cut down or quit.

IHW 138. Available from: http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=132032641548770;res=E-LIBRARY, 27. Figure 8.6.2 Proportion of ex-smokers by Indigenous status, sex, and age, 2012–13, Source: ABS 20141 using data from the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey 2012–13 and the 2011–12 Australian Health Survey, In 2012–13, a nationally representative sample of 2522 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from 35 locations across Australia were interviewed, which formed the baseline data for the Talking About The Smokes (TATS) Project. Adelaide: Aboriginal Health Council of South Australia, 2001. If someone in your community is trying to quit smoking, there are steps you can use to guide them through the journey.

29. Available from: http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/190_10_180509/gil10102_fm.html. England LJ, Kendrick JS, Wilson HG, Merritt RK, Gargiullo PM, et al. Local organisations run activities designed to reduce smoking rates. Attitudes and beliefs about smoking are discussed further in Section 8.9, and initiatives and policies designed to promote and support quitting among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Straits Islanders are discussed in sections 8.10 and 8.13 respectively. Medical Journal of Australia, 2015; 202(10):S20–5. These patterns are shown in Figure 8.6.2. Victorian Aboriginal Quitline has three Quitline counsellors: Jamara, Andrea and Glen.

no. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 1997; 21:789–90. 2010. Ex-smokers were most likely to report being confident in talking to others about smoking and quitting. TIS team activities include: The team partners with the Aboriginal Quitline wherever possible and makes good use of social media (including Facebook , Twitter, and Instagram), an SMS service, emails, phone calls and presentations in the community to promote healthy lifestyles.

Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21258963, 19. Nicholson A, Borland R, Davey M, Stevens M, and Thomas D. Predictors of wanting to quit in a national sample of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers. Smoking in pregnancy in West Virginia: Does cessation/reduction improve perinatal outcomes?

Gregory G. Canberra: National Rural Health Alliance; 2009. Other reasons for quitting included wanting to live long enough to see their grandchildren grow up, a personal wish to quit, seeing others suffer sickness or dying from tobacco-related illnesses, the cost of tobacco, and their children asking them to give up. (2015)2 using data from the Talking About The Smokes (TATS) Project and the Australian International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC Project). Both studies found that nicotine dependence was generally low. Quitting helped to remind Naomi of her own strength. Available from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/26017251, 3. Two studies have found that pregnant Indigenous women may be more motivated and able to quit than smokers generally due to their status as mothers-to-be.21,22 Both studies found that nicotine dependence was generally low. Social Science & Medicine, 2008; 67(11):1708–16. Of those who had tried to quit in the past year, similar proportions reported sustaining their most recent quit attempt for one month or more (Indigenous, 31% v non-Indigenous, 33%) and six months or more (Indigenous, 10% v non-Indigenous, 11.7%).2, Figure 8.6.3 Comparison of tobacco-related behaviour modification among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders (daily smokers) and the general Australian population (daily smokers).

A number of studies have examined the extent to which NRT is an effective smoking cessation treatment for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. For women, there was only a significant difference in ex-smokers among those aged 35–44. The service is available 8.00 am to 8.00 pm Monday to Friday. Tackling Indigenous smoking rates is part of Quit Victoria's long-term commitment to Aboriginal programs.