How many people did each House member represent in 1790 and 2000? 99 0 obj <> endobj Measuring America's People, Places, and Economy.

Once the "multipliers" have been calculated, the next step is to multiply this figure by the population total for each of the 50 states (the District of Columbia is not included in these calculations). endstream endobj 61 0 obj <>/Metadata 4 0 R/Outlines 8 0 R/Pages 58 0 R/StructTreeRoot 12 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 62 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 3/Tabs/S/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 63 0 obj <>stream The current method used, the Method of Equal Proportions, was adopted by congress in 1941 following the census of 1940. endstream endobj 100 0 obj <>/Metadata 4 0 R/Outlines 8 0 R/Pages 97 0 R/StructTreeRoot 12 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 101 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 3/Tabs/S/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 102 0 obj <>stream endstream endobj startxref 1/3.464101615 or 0.288675134. Computing these values is quite easy using a PC and a good spreadsheet package. 1/2.449489743 or 0.40824829, the multiplier for the fourth seat is: I�$B'�"e L`1"�0�J%�

%PDF-1.6 %���� [which is called the reciprocal of the geometric mean]. Multipliers and priority values must be calculated for the largest number of seats assigned to a state. P - represents a state's total population, n - represents the number of seats a state would have if it gained a seat (because all states automatically received one seat the next seat gained is "seat two," and the next "seat three," and the next "seat four," and so on.).

The equal proportions method has, as its first step, the consideration that the Constitution allows for each state one representative, regardless of actual population numbers. 6. This method assigns seats in the House of Representatives according to a "priority" value.

endstream endobj startxref h�bbd```b``����A$�4���"��A$���7���`� B�.X�\�*$�O�� � ����g`�|�v��H�E`qɛf����f�����ٌ ���x�E��$���/��>����L�`d�` r Since that first census in 1790, five methods of apportionment have been used. 92 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<2970F6E3AF3A0F43A97312E239ED17D1>]/Index[60 73]/Info 59 0 R/Length 138/Prev 325642/Root 61 0 R/Size 133/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream ۤ���/�HP��^l��nhVÚ@�4��+�d�EOJ��p��a�z �>V�8&�^B!��*^o8�а���q��v� �1A����>�NG5,��#�gz��ܵ|�|�$��0č�������ou�������.

�E\7HO*hep!������E�����x!q+j9o$r~�4"��=6|���i���*��As]R3�PW�*�Ȯ��7���\d��P�u��&CgH#��w���N�@0c��z�l��7��S��` The priority value is determined by multiplying the population of a state by a "multiplier." Make sure you compute enough multipliers to cover the largest amount of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives that any one state stands to gain. Continue until an appropriate number of multipliers have been calculated. ", Therein lies the primary mandate of the U.S. census, apportionment of the House of Representatives. One. %PDF-1.6 %����

h�b``P```�b _P3�0p,`�h@U�bFFA�^ƿ.���@9A��c���l ��'�Y�I~��i���+ How many total seats are in the House of Representatives?

Since the Census, Congress has used the Method of Equal Proportions.

179 0 obj <>stream Since 1941, the method used by Congress is the equal proportions method. ��щ�\a�C c��o��=���y����hr�>TvA�%��OC�>�d��-�� Q��HL����#o缞t>����ŠFM�z��-Z.���B2�����֜Z�E���0Ҍ�0h�c�|�M��kc4Ƽ��8q�!ԚKI�ֿk��+aVK타�=�z�+�Zj^�v��R�v���3�����G �ϥ��#a|�y�=�Y����w=]F}�'~ =���u��$�Pg��^|����v���x��ʦn|��o��c�[���Q�E�ˣ�M�t�*W˟_�J����i��n�H���תּ)�Q���Cmݰ\�_£���z��x���qw�E� �,�;��HY��#���~��`W������^�q஘��1�E~h��b��SF�/��>�0�}X-�����;/���!����m���F���1�vڽ�.��t�6) 3. iV��{.

The next, or 51st seat, went to the state with the highest priority value and thus became that state's second seat.

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This continued until all 435 seats had been assigned to a state. Why is the apportionment formula used?

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Since that first census in 1790, five methods of apportionment have been used.

The resulting numbers are the priority values.

0 ��E�4�$�8�=�:Iy This leaves for 385 to be apportioned. Thus the formula for calculating the multiplier for the second seat is: If you are using a PC, compute multipliers for seats 2 through 60. How many total seats are in the House of Representatives? ����hƹ��&~|�-��� �%��g2��-��2��uzd�8� J�g�R�zT��C8��p�rSb2⟇di����{,�?=��W��p#_퓚 H��WQo�F~ׯ�����$ E�5��u���n�������q����G~��. 5. Back to About Congressional Apportionment, Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). 435. 0 For example, following the 2010 Census, each of the 50 states was given one seat out of the current total of 435. h޼Xos�6�*|�ޮ��G��.w�Ӥ�5i�˶\^(6�*K�$'M?�����#'�{�})@? Since the Census, Congress has used the Method of Equal Proportions. ��鮀�kK��ܺ�������?Ƿ7���:���'��衷>��&��2T?㪭�-�3~y��zC��;��s�@���C7�s�7� ��./ݾٮ� For example, if the largest number of seats assigned to a state is 50, multipliers and priority values must be calculated for the 50th seat. Therefore, fifty of the 435 seats in the US House of Representatives are already accounted for. This will assure you have enough multipliers for apportionment. 133 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<627901446563C344A21F320A12F30E61>]/Index[99 81]/Info 98 0 R/Length 145/Prev 274550/Root 100 0 R/Size 180/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream

According to the Constitution, each state should have at least representative(s) or seat(s)? Once you've calculated priority values for each state for the total anticipated seats, the next step is to rank and number the resulting priority values starting with seat 51 until all 435 seats have been assigned (remember, each state automatically received one seat). Please check the Privacy Policy of the site you are visiting. l,_;!� �� �

Article 1, Section 2, of the United States Constitution states: "Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers...The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. According to the Constitution, each state should have at least representative(s) or seat(s)? United States congressional apportionment is the process by which seats in the United States House of Representatives are distributed among the 50 states according to the most recent decennial census mandated by the United States Constitution.Each state is apportioned a number of seats which approximately corresponds to its share of the aggregate population of the 50 states. %%EOF 60 0 obj <> endobj or 1/1.414213562 or 0.70710678, the multiplier for the third seat is: &%��no�h�������WX���z�~4�/.��/h�Q��}&�ӵO#�gP �;a|�w���>~_�&����W�� �h_.HX\��������PJ���7�D/a���ޟ^5��c^|k��E�low����"�SXs�rH���Ŏ�=L�pSM��sZ��aj�fc?lO8 ��3��p�a�g�c`e`�s�)�Q�����\F���`��������>�M$71��e� �YX&�1�XtA$K ��(� 2. ���xq1T�Tq�Bݖ�ӤYZ�td!a%�EŌqP�~&!���I�Yfu��PH�3k)���lE��X�JmL�D�ل܌4�NP�IE�EB�h��!JLA$$)t(��3�ƒEZAO�P�Ɉ5M��@� M��T��8"qhN��o����7���bA�\�v����S4�+�r�7(~�?�/�� 4. Next, tally the number of seats for each state to arrive at the total number of seats in the House of Representatives apportioned to each state. h�b``�c``V````�kʀ This is how it is done. 132 0 obj <>stream By selecting this link you will leave www.census.gov. Why is the apportionment formula used? 5. h�bbd```b``� ��A$�ɾLz�H 0)&��dX�L��H]I0��T����� �'l�/ɗf�Ճ�b�����n���`����q�C0���*F����j30}q$�$0(n ��

The priority value is determined by multiplying the population of a state by a "multiplier.". t�E #d�$RG"��2x���Z$V��I""�� ��h��*F��T&AG� #���c(T�0L��eh��� Ư3|y��� endstream endobj 64 0 obj <>stream 3. The multiplier equals: This method assigns seats in the House of Representatives according to a "priority" value. 2. 1940. �A��;�D堘��?��Cv���&��E�X��';\ �GEJ��������1��0�]`�� ���Y��������v1j.#ˁP0����L@�M��&��Xo��� cb�� A(e,LRZtb�$$ V�[e}8[?�����s�j�۶� 6J����%6�#:��)-Eht,~��v���˯p��.��i�o�i9ˊKt�v�v��� T����E�i�ec�&n������c4���O7KG�����ND v��)���ұ�6�J��(�C'� �2�OV� ���_Zfâ(���N��V\�����B�r'�� 7�j���+���#�R�m����Q��I�`[�z��6�p4��X�A'��tXV�4�1����xt $M��hr��_@Z����o���IG�ԯ+������-|�VB֋�K��l��*��w.��7"J��j�WT/�)��EJ����tUVΨ��z���,(wuM������4������@П>�a�3�A'�Ҕf��.iN崠�JZ�W����VtE�����������]4뗊�]����������cy4*�����O ��������t��7�N�YS�1.��+j7n���[�,wZ��~�0]8�so���~閮W�iWz: �5�9�'��I{�:�}���tX\�N��[��ZK1)�ʖMYџ�!��Fi��9=n��dŰ����^V� ����~�i�7�!�H��k�g�$}*?X9��m�4$͚y}��!��2Dn��C�H��&�qm��3���O͖�>���nO�d�6D> The current method used, the Method of Equal Proportions, was adopted by congress in 1941 following the census of 1940. h��YkS�8�+�����mmMQ�#*�d�f��qڕn��v��_��ʦ��Й��˶,�>$ݣse�6L0�-�"�3b���1S�'���cV)&�`����,���% =5s ��E