The spread of invasive plants on the PEIs is enhanced by a number of factors.

Two species listed in Greve et al. On Marion Island, humans have played an important role. Two months ago Argentina and Chile united their efforts to counter the unprecedented million square kilometer British claim, based largely as it is on the disputed Falklands/Malvinas Islands. to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, On the contrary, the alleged victors, the United States and its allies around the world, have only intensified the consolidation of an international military network extending to all compass points, not only East and West but also North and South, the Far North and the Far South.

Polar Biol 30:109. Kloppers FJ, Smith VR (1998) First Report of, le Roux PC, McGeoch MA (2008) Changes in climate extremes, variability and signature on sub-Antarctic Marion Island. Coastal vegetation thus tends to be more invaded than inland vegetation (Greve et al. ), though propagules of some alien species may well have been introduced with clothing and other outdoor equipment (Lee and Chown 2009). However, despite strict biosecurity regulations, which include, amongst others, no tourism, a ban on fresh food or other biological material such as untreated wood, regulated checks on field equipment and containers, and the disinfection of footwear (Department of Environmental Affairs Directorate: Antarctica and Islands 2010), the success of these policies depend on awareness, buy-in and cooperation from the community that travels to the islands, and the effectiveness of policy implementation (McGeoch et al.

Of all invaders on the PEIs, M. musculus has the most severe, and best-studied, impacts (Zengeya et al. body size of insects) (Treasure and Chown 2014), and in ecosystem processes and function. Chile’s true value lies in its proximity to Antarctica but can also be employed to anchor the southern end of its continent for US plans to retain and expand its military presence there. It has been suggested that, especially due to their heavy predation on invertebrates, decomposition and peat formation have changed on Marion Island (Smith 2008). Peru, Russia, South Africa and the United States have reserved the right to future claims on Antarctic territory and Brazil has designated what it refers to as a zone of interest in the region. Technically, new introductions associated with kelp rafting would be considered natural range expansions, as they are not assisted by humans (Blackburn et al.

In recent year Bolivia has accused the US of constructing new bases in Paraguay and Peru. 7.2), the Lepidoptera are the invertebrate group with the highest number of invasive species, followed by the Diptera. claim, 20° W and 80°W; This is also evident on the PEIs, where rapid climate change has been shown to benefit a number of invasive terrestrial taxa, including M. musculus, which have shown range expansions and increases in density over the past 20 years (McClelland et al. Bester MN et al (2002) A review of the successful eradication of feral cats from sub-Antarctic Marion Island, Southern Indian Ocean. 2006), it is thought that preferential consumption of large individuals by M. musculus has resulted in the body size of weevils on Prince Edward being significantly larger than on Marion Island (Chown and Smith 1993; Treasure and Chown 2014). Zealand, Norway, and U.K.; Australia, Chile, and

[31], Australia:The role of Australia in expanding US and NATO influence throughout the Asia Pacific area has been dealt with extensively in an earlier piece, Australian Military Buildup And The Rise Of Asian NATO.

antarctic portable air. 2017). If you wish to use copyrighted material for purposes other than "fair use" you must request permission from the Both species were introduced to Marion Island, O. mykiss in 1959, and S. trutta in 1964. [2]. 2020, Chap.

[1]. Paraguay and Uruguay possess a similar status. The planned eradication of M. musculus from Marion Island in 2021 could bring about drastic changes in the abundance and composition of native species, species traits (e.g. A single shrub of Ochetophila trinervis (Floating-heart), native to the South American Andes, is thought to have been introduced on Marion Island through natural dispersal by vagrant birds (and should thus be considered a native species) (Kalwij et al. Several impacts on individual taxa have been recorded. Prolonged survival of hull-fouling marine taxa, including the highly invasive bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean Mussel), has been demonstrated on research vessels travelling to the Prince Edward Islands (Lee and Chown 2007). For example, A. matriciae became a parasitoid of R. padi (Lee and Chown 2016). and ratified by governments; a mineral resources Zone of Interest first proposed: 1986, German New Swabia

J Molluscan Stud 58:80–81. The warming Southern Ocean and southward shifts in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and associated Sub-Antarctic Front illustrate this, with the PEIs located directly in the path of southerly movements of the Sub-Antarctic Front and experiencing biological changes in benthic and zooplankton communities (Pakhomov et al. Branch ML (1994) The Polychaeta of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands: illustrated keys to the species and results of the 1982–1989 University of Cape Town surveys. “While the Chilean government has not disclosed the total cost of its recent military purchases, published reports indicate that the F-16s alone will cost $745 million. Mus musculus is absent from Prince Edward Island. 8.1d) and Poa pratensis (Kentucky Bluegrass)], and three in the Carophyllaceae [Cerastium fontanum (Common Mouse-ear Chickweed), also on Prince Edward Island], Sagina procumbens (Birdeye Pearlwort, also on Prince Edward Island, Fig. However, in August of 2007 a NATO naval group, the Standing Naval Maritime Group 1 (SNMG1), circumnavigated the African continent and after a stay in the strategic oil-rich Gulf of Guinea its six ships – from the United States, Canada, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Portugal – arrived in Cape Town. 2007), including several sub-Antarctic islands (Towns and Broome 2003; Martin and Richardson 2017; Springer 2018; http://milliondollarmouse.org.nz/). Sci Rep 9:4655. Claimed: 8 Feb 1942, Australian Aires, Argentina) Barnes DKA (2002) Biodiversity: invasions by marine life on plastic debris.

van de Vijver B, Gremmen N, Smith V (2008) Diatom communities from the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands: diversity and distribution patterns. Mus musculus also show a preference for creating the entrances to their burrows in the cushion-shaped keystone plant, Azorella selago (Avenant and Smith 2003). Chilean Antarctica, French Southern Lee JE, Chown SL (2009) Breaching the dispersal barrier to invasion: quantification and management. Smith V, Avenant N, Chown S (2002) The diet and impact of house mice on a sub-Antarctic island. Avenant NL, Smith VR (2003) The microenvironment of house mice on Marion Island (sub-Antarctic). 2000 S Afr J Antarct Res 21:45–64. The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.