Some definitions of gray literature include publications such as blogs, statistical reports, white papers, and working papers. Caregiver well-being and patient outcomes in heart failure: A meta-analysis. These are usually written in response to content featured in a journal. Do you believe thorough analysis calls for a combination of primary and secondary sources. A Guide to Research Methods: The Evidence Pyramid: http://library.downstate.edu/EBM2/2100.htm. In social and communication studies, articles are used as primary sources to analyze language and social relations (for example, by conducting content analysis or discourse analysis). Primary sources are more credible as evidence, but good research uses both primary and secondary sources. Pain and comfort clinical guideline. In historical studies, old articles are used as primary sources that give direct evidence about the time period. American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses (2018). In corporations or organizations, gray literature may be used to distribute new information, communicate for internal purposes, or to document activities. My full name is Raimo Streefkerk :-). When secondary sources go beyond merely reviewing other sources, and draw their own conclusions.

Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. The purpose of gray literature varies and depends on the setting in which it is published and distributed. These usually appear in scholarly journals. ​Lachance, C. C., Jurkowski, M. P., Dymarz, A. C., & Mackey, D. C. (2016). Also indirect interaction with an event or information. Trade journal article:  practical information, news, or summaries of developments within a field. For academic contexts, gray literature may be a forum for presenting ideas that may be emerging or do not yet have wide interest. The meaning of "source literature" is relative. Assessing the Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) Measure in sexual health nurses' consultations. From the point of view of a bibliographic index the indexed papers are "source literature". Learn how to create an MLA movie citation or an APA movie citation. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-017-0265-8. An example would be citing conclusions such as: "overall the literature is incoherent", "there is a gap in research on ...", "future research should focus on ...", etc. Standard:  a set of guidelines established to define an expected level of quality and criteria of care provided within a healthcare setting.

letters, interviews). A lot of oral literature too has been made available in the form of books. Hi Paul, thanks for your comment! The studies included in a systematic review are selected through pre-established criteria such as hypothesis or research question, patient/ populations, study design, and methodology. But if your paper is about the critical reception of Toni Morrison’s work, the review is a primary source. an authoritative work on a topic within a field; often presents basic information and theories which are the results of previous research. They allow you to: When you conduct a literature review, you can consult secondary sources to gain a thorough overview of your topic. Secondary sources are good for gaining a full overview of your topic and understanding how other researchers have approached it. You're right that you should always consult the primary source when possible. Retrieved from http://magazine.nursing.jhu.edu/2018/02/public-health-nurses-rooting-reasons-disparities-endure/. A secondary source describes, interprets, or synthesizes primary sources.

Evidence Based Medicine Course. official documents or media texts). If you are researching something current, your primary sources can either be.

A documentary can be either primary or secondary depending on the context. A Guide to Research Methods: The Evidence Pyramid: http://library.downstate.edu/EBM2/2100.htm, Retrieved through hardcopy/electronic media. Student Health Center manuals. But if you are researching the filmmaking techniques used in historical documentaries, the documentary is a primary source. How to Cite Different Source Types. But it's true that in scientific disciplines, you should cite primary sources (original empirical studies) in your literature review. As we all know, almost all type of literature is available in written form. a publication or report of a government agency of any level. If you use one of these in your research, it is probably a primary source.

If a source gives you an overview of background information or presents another researcher’s ideas on your topic, it is probably a secondary source. These publications may include research, committee or agency reports, statutes and laws, regulations, and data. Some think this is because the information is unreliable or not scientific, or simply not credible because anyone can edit it. Scholarly or professional literature is literally a world of sources and publications! This is done in order to increase the power over an individual study, improve estimates of the size of an intervention or effect, or attempt to resolve uncertainty when the outcomes of multiple studies are not consistent. (2017). In this case, ‘the literature’ is a collection of all of the relevant written sources on a topic.

Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. However, students will frequently encounter other sources during their literature search.

letters, interviews). Public health nurses are rooting out reasons disparities occur. Retrieved from http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0400-0499/0464/0464.html​. To determine if a source is primary or secondary, ask yourself: Some types of source are nearly always primary: works of art and literature, raw statistical data, official documents and records, and personal communications (e.g. Types of gray literature include trade reports, government publications, conference proceedings, and company research.

Dissertation:  a document on a scholarly or research topic done by a student to fulfill the requirements of attaining an advanced degree (usually masters or doctoral-level). Does the source provide original information (primary) or does it comment upon information from other sources (secondary)? In nursing, standards are created to define fixed or strong statements of norms within a given area of practice, and are established by professional nursing organizations.

Gray literature may be considered in any literature review in order have a broader view of what is discussed and researched on a particular topic. A guideline provides suggestions that are flexibly interpreted and utilized  within a given context. Scholars often use these to examine their works cited.

Are you directly analyzing the source itself (primary), or only using it for background information (secondary). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27617564. Retrieved from http://www.aspan.org/Clinical-Practice/Clinical-Guidelines/Pain-and-Comfort. Direct documentation or interaction with an event or occurrence. They may be used to generate new ideas. Evidence Based Medicine Course.

One example is Healthy Aging Begins at Home, a grant-funded task force report by Bipartisan Policy Center. In-text citation doesn’t vary depending on source type, unless the author is unknown. Published on August 18, 2015 by Bas Swaen. When you do research, you have to gather information and evidence from a variety of sources. a paper presented at a conference, meeting, or symposium of a professional, scholarly organization. Source: SUNY Downstate Medical Center. Is a newspaper article a primary or secondary source? First it appears within the so-called ‘invisible college’ of experts in the field, discussed at conferences and symposia or posted as pre-prints for comments and corrections. AACN standards for establishing and sustaining work environments: A journey to excellence (2nd. Many researchers use conferences to solicit feedback on their work from others within their field, and then use the feedback for updates, refinements, or considerations for their research topic. Common examples of secondary sources include academic books, journal articles, reviews, essays, and textbooks. Guideline:  a recommendation of good practice often based on research or professional experience. Figure 2.1 2.1.1 Disciplines of knowledge

Please click the checkbox on the left to verify that you are a not a bot. Some types of source are nearly always primary: works of art and literature, raw statistical data, official documents and records, and personal communications (e.g. Many types of reference works exist, but these three are ones commonly used in nursing. Conference paper or proceeding:  a paper presented at a conference, meeting, or symposium of a professional, scholarly organization. See Proquest Dissertations & Theses Global for examples (FAU log-in required). Bikker, A. P., Fitzpatrick, B., Murphy, D., Forster, L., & Mercer, S. W. (2017). by

Hutchinson, M. & Jackson, M. (2013). Paper presented at 9th International Conference on Virtual Worlds and Games for Serious Applications (VS-Games), Athens, Greece (187-188). Both types provide scope and depth to a literature review.